Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 29 (2026), Article 26.4.7

Four-Digit Kaprekar Dynamics in Odd Bases


Evan Chen and Ken Ono
Axiom Math
124 University Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94301
USA

Richard E. Schwartz
Department of Mathematics
Brown University
Box 1917
151 Thayer Street
Providence, RI 02912
USA

Dinesh Thakur
Department of Mathematics
1013 Hylan Building
University of Rochester
Rochester, NY 14627
USA

Abstract:

Start with four digits, arrange them in both descending and ascending order, subtract, and repeat. This simple process is known as the Kaprekar routine, famous in base ten for sending every nonconstant four-digit string to $6174$. We show that in every odd base $B>3$, the four-digit Kaprekar map has an unexpectedly rigid structure. After at most three iterations, every nonconstant orbit enters an explicit triangular region and on this region the map is conjugate to projective doubling:

$\displaystyle \{[r],[s]\}\longmapsto \{[2r],[2s]\}. $

This gives a complete finite description of all nonconstant terminal cycles, including an explicit formula for their lengths and counts. In particular, the longest terminal cycle has length at most $(B-1)/2$, and equality can occur only when $B$ is prime. For primes $p>5$, equality occurs precisely when the least positive $m$ with $2^m\equiv\pm1$ (mod $p$) is $m=(p-1)/2$. The results proved here were first formulated by Schwartz and Thakur. As a test case for AI-assisted formal mathematics, AxiomProver produced Lean/mathlib formalizations of these results.


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(Concerned with sequences A003558 A099009.)


Received June 18 2026; revised versions received August 1 2026; August 11 2026. Published in Journal of Integer Sequences, August 12 2026.


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