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\vskip 1cm{\LARGE\bf 
Arithmetic Progressions on Conics}
\vskip 1cm
\large
Abdoul Aziz Ciss \\
Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information et Syst\`emes Intelligents \\ 
\'Ecole Polytechnique de Thi\`es\\ 
BP A10 Thi\`es \\
S\'en\'egal\\
\href{mailto:aaciss@ept.sn}{\tt aaciss@ept.sn}\\
\ \\
\large Dustin Moody\\
Computer Security Division \\
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)\\
100 Bureau Drive \\
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 \\
USA \\
\href{mailto:dustin.moody@nist.gov}{\tt dustin.moody@nist.gov}\\
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\begin{abstract}
In this paper, we look at long arithmetic progressions  on conics.  By
an arithmetic progression on a curve, we mean the existence of
rational points on the curve whose $x$-coordinates are in arithmetic
progression. We revisit arithmetic progressions on the unit circle,
constructing 3-term progressions of points in the first quadrant
containing an arbitrary rational point on the unit circle. We also
provide infinite families of 3-term progressions on the unit
hyperbola, as well as conics $ax^2+cy^2=1$ containing arithmetic
progressions as long as 8 terms.
\end{abstract}


\section{Introduction}
Recently, several researchers have explored arithmetic and geometric
progressions on various families of plane curves. By a progression on a
curve, we mean there is a sequence of rational points on the curve
whose $x$-coordinates (or $y$-coordinates) form an arithmetic or
geometric progression.  The historical motivation for this problem on
elliptic curves seems to be an apparent connection between long
progressions and high ranks for the corresponding Mordell-Weil groups
(see \cite{GT, MZ} for a lengthier discussion).  Perhaps for this
reason, much of the work in this area has pertained to elliptic (or
hyperelliptic) curves.

Bremner \cite{BR}, Campbell \cite{CB}, Garcia-Selfa and Tornero \cite{GT}, have looked at arithmetic progressions on elliptic curves defined by Weierstrass equations, while Campbell \cite{CB}, MacLeod \cite{ML} and Ulas \cite{UL1}  have investigated progressions on curves represented by quartic models. Alvarado \cite{AL} and Ulas \cite{UL2} extended similar results to genus 2 curves. In addition, Moody  \cite{MD1,MD2}, Choudhry \cite{CH}, Bremner \cite{BR2}, and Gonzalez-Jim\'enez \cite{GJ2}  studied longer  arithmetic progressions on Edwards and Huff curves.

The problem of finding long arithmetic progressions on conics has not been explored quite as extensively. Alvarado and Goins \cite{AG} gave a generalization of 3-term arithmetic progressions on an arbitrary conic section $C$. Allison \cite{A,A2}, Bremner \cite{BR3}, and Gonz\'alez-Jim\'enez/Xarles \cite{GJX} all looked at progressions on parabolas, with infinitely many with 8 term progressions found. More recently, Choudhry and Juyal \cite{CJ} parameterized infinitely many arithmetic progressions of three rational points on the unit circle, such that the three points all lie in the first quadrant. They also used these progressions to derive infinitely many arithmetic progressions on the ellipse $x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 = 1$.  

In this work, we look at finding arithmetic progressions on the unit circle, as well as on the unit hyperbola and conics of the form $ax^2+cy^2=1$. We give a slightly more general result on 3-term arithmetic progressions on the unit circle $x^2 + y^2 = 1$, and similarly on the unit hyperbola $x^2 - y^2 = 1$ . We also provide infinitely  many conics $C: ax^2 + cy^2 = 1$ having 8-term arithmetic progressions.  This matches the highest known length of a progression on conics.

\section{Arithmetic progressions on the unit circle}
Consider the unit circle $x^2+y^2=1$.  Trivially, the points $(-1,0)$, $(0,1)$, and $(1,0)$ are always on the circle yielding a progression of length 3.  Similarly, given any rational point $(x,y)$, there is the progression obtained from the points $(-x,y)$, $(0,1)$, and $(x,y)$.  However, Choudhry and Juyal sought to find a progression of length 3 whose points were all in the first quadrant.  That is, the $x$-coordinates $x_i$ all satisfied $0&lt;x_i&lt;1$.  We will work under the same restriction, and present a different approach to finding a 3-term progression.

We begin by parameterizing the rational points on the unit circle by setting
$$x(t)=\frac{2t}{t^2+1},$$
$$y(t)=\frac{t^2-1}{t^2+1}.$$
To find a progression of length 3 in the first quadrant, we need to find rational $t_0, t_1, t_2$ such that $0&lt;x(t_0), x(t_1), x(t_2)&lt;1$ and $x(t_2)-x(t_1)=x(t_1)-x(t_0)$.
An easy calculation shows this will be possible if the following quadratic equation in $t_2$ has rational solutions:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq1}
(2t_0t_1^2-4t_0^2t_1+2t_0-4t_1)t_2^2+2(t_0^2+1)(t_1^2+1)t_2+2t_0t_1^2-4t_0^2t_1+2t_0-4t_1=0.
\end{equation}
We obtain rational solutions to the quadratic if the resulting discriminant
$$D=4(t_0^2-1)^2t_1^4+64t_0(t_0^2+1)t_1^3-(56t_0^4+144t_0^2+56)t_1^2+64t_0(t_0^2+1)t_1+4(t_0^2-1)$$
is square.
As the coefficient of $t_1^4$ is square, we can use a trick from Fermat in \cite[p.\ 639]{DI} to make the entire quartic in $t_1$ be equal to a square by setting 
$$t_1=8\frac{t_0(t_0-1)^2(t_0+1)^2(t_0^2+1)}{(3t_0^4+2t_0^2+3)(t_0^4+6t_0^2+1)}.$$
Substituting in this value of $t_1$, the quadratic \eqref{eq1} factors, resulting in the roots
$$t_2=t_0\frac{3t_0^8+4t_0^6-30t_0^4-28t_0^2-13}{13t_0^8+28t_0^6+30t_0^4-4t_0^2-3},$$
and its inverse.
A 3-term arithmetic progression on the unit circle is thus given by $x(t_0), x(t_1),$ and $x(t_2)$ with the above values of $t_1$ and $t_2$.  

We next find conditions under which the corresponding points will be in the first quadrant.  As $x(t)=\frac{2t}{t^2+1}$ is always an $x$-coordinate on the unit circle, then clearly $0&lt;x(t)&lt;1$ exactly when $t&gt;0$, $t  \neq 1$.  
We therefore assume that $t_0&gt;0$.  We see that $t_1&gt;0$ if and only if $(3t_0^4+2t_0^2+3)(t_0^4+6t_0^2+1)&gt;0$, which is always true.  An easy analysis shows that if $t_0&gt;1.8$ then the expression for $t_2&gt;0$.  Thus, when $t_0&gt;1.8$, we see that the points with  $x$-coordinates $x(t_0)$, $x(t_1)$, and $x(t_2)$ can all be taken to lie in the first quadrant.  As an example, when $t=2$ we obtain the progression $4/5, 3483360/6369961, 9353756/31849805$.  

An interesting property of the progression above is that given any rational point $(x^*,y^*)\neq (0,\pm 1)$ on the unit circle, we can find a 3-term progression in the first quadrant containing it.  Set $t_0=(1 \pm y^*)/x^*$, and then an easy calculation verifies that $x(t_0)=x^*$.  The 3-term progressions on the unit circle found by Choudhry and Juyal do not have this property.  We note the property cannot be extended to two arbitrary rational points on the unit circle.  For example, with the points $(7/25, 24/25)$ and $(3/5, 4/5)$ the progression would need to have third term $-1/25, 11/25,$ or $23/25$.  However none of these values are $x$-coordinates of rational points on the unit circle. 

We remark that if we allow circles which are not the unit circle, it is possible to have progressions of length 4, although the points do not all lie in the first quadrant.  A simple example is the circle $x^2+y^2=5/2$ which has $x=-3/2, -1/2, 1/2, 3/2$.  Any such symmetric progression of length 4 of the form $\{ -3 x_1, -x_1, x_1, 3x_1 \}$ requires finding rational points satisfying
$$x_1^2+y_1^2=R,$$
$$9x_1^2+y_2^2=R,$$
where the circle has equation $x^2+y^2=R$.  These simultaneous quadratic equations can be transformed into more common models for an elliptic curve.  For example, when $R=5/2$, we parameterize solutions to the first quadratic by setting  $x(t)=(-3t^2+4t+12)/(2t^2+8)$.  Substituting this expression into the second quadratic yields the curve $C:=z^2=-71t^4+216t^3+584t^2-864t-1136$.  The points $(t,z)=(-1,5)$ and $(2,8)$ are on $C$.  We then have $x(-1)=x(2)=1/2$, leading to the progression $-3/2, -1/2, 1/2, 3/2$.  It is not hard to find other values of $R$ which lead to similar 4-term progressions.  

\section{Progressions on the unit hyperbola}

It is simple to extend this approach to the unit hyperbola $x^2-y^2=1$.  We parameterize the rational points on the hyperbola by setting $x(t)=(t^2+1)/(2t)$.  Following the exact same procedure as above, we find that for any rational $t_2$ we can set
$$t_0=\frac{3t_2}{t_2^2+1},$$
$$t_1=\frac{2(t_2^2+1)}{3t_2}.$$
The resulting 3-term progression is $x(t_0), x(t_1)$, and $x(t_2)$:
$$x(t_0)=\frac{t_2^4+11t_2^2+1}{6t_2(t_2^2+1)},$$
$$x(t_1)=\frac{(t_2^2+4)(4t_2^2+1)}{12t_2(t_2^2+1)},$$
$$x(t_2)=\frac{t_2^2+1}{2t_2}.$$

We attempted to extend these progressions to four terms for both the unit circle, as well as the unit hyperbola.  If we let $d=x(t_2)-x(t_1)$ be the common difference of a progression, a fourth term would come from either $x(t_0)-d$ or $x(t_2)+d$ being a valid $x$-coordinate on the corresponding curve.  Upon simplfying the resulting equations, they all lead to needing a rational point on certain quartic equations.  Transforming these quartics into elliptic curves, we found that none of them have positive rank. Thus, we do not get 4-term progressions from this approach.  


\section{Arithmetic progressions on general conics}

The general conic is of the form $ax^2+bxy+cy^2+dx+ey+f=0$. 
We assume the conic is not degenerate, meaning it is not the product of two linear equations.  If we were to consider degenerate conics, we would trivially obtain progressions of infinite length as every rational value is a valid $x$-coordinate for a linear equation.  

Considering $ax^2+bxy+cy^2+dx+ey+f=0$, then we can complete the square (in $y$) to transform the equation into the form
$$(cy+\frac{b}{2}x+\frac{e}{2})^2=(\frac{b^2}{4}-ac)x^2+(\frac{be}{2}-cd)x+\frac{e^2}{4}-cf.$$
Thus, any arithmetic progression on the general conic will become a progression on a conic of the form $y^2=ax^2+bx+c$.  As mentioned in the introduction, arithmetic progressions on parabolas have been considered by a few authors \cite{A, A2, BR3, GJX}.  Allison found infinitely many parabolas with eight points in arithmetic progression, while Gonz\'alez-Jim\'enez and Xarles were able to show that there does not exist integer arithmetic progressions with nine or more terms on parabolas with both integral coefficients and axis of symmetry.  They note without the restrictions requiring integers, an upper bound on the length of progressions on parabolas is not known.  
 
For the remainder of this section, we consider conic sections in standard form, i.e., those for which $b=0$.  We may complete the square, to write the conic equation as
$$a(x-d/(2a))^2+c(y-e/(2c))^2+f-d^2/(4a)-e^2/(4c)=0.$$
An arithmetic progression shifted by $x-b/(2a)$ is still an arithmetic progression, and similarly shifting by $y-d/(2c)$ does not affect the progression.  Thus we can rewrite the equation as
$$ax^2+cy^2=1,$$
for some constants $a,c, \in \mathbb{Q}$.  Note that by multiplying the entire equation by a suitable rational, we can scale so that the constant coefficient is 1.  
If we wish the progression to be of the form $\{ -2x_1, -x_1, 0, x_1, 2x_1 \}$, then we need that $c$ is a square and the equation reduces to $ax^2+y^2=1$.

Now given any rational $m$, let $a=-m^4+10m^2-9$ and $x^*=\frac{1}{4m}$.  Then a straightforward calculation shows that the points $(\pm 2x^*,\frac{m^2-3}{2m})$, $(\pm x^*, -\frac{m^2+3}{4m})$, and $(0,1)$ all lie on $ax^2+y^2=1$ and hence yield infinitely many 5-term progressions.  If $1&lt;|m|&lt;3$, then $a&gt;0$ and the conic will be a circle, while otherwise $a&lt;0$ and the conic is a hyperbola.  It is also possible to instead fix a value of $a$, which would then require $-1/a(m^4-10m^2+9)$ to be square.  Such an equation defines an elliptic curve.  If the curve has positive rank then the curve will yield an infinite number of progressions for that fixed $a$.  For example, if $a=15/64$ then the quartic is isomorphic to the curve $Y^2=X^3-63897600X-146800640000$, which is a rank 1 curve with generator $(-4864,221184)$.  

We can further improve the results for $ax^2+cy^2=1$, and obtain progressions of length greater than five.  Set
$$a= \frac{t(t+1)(t-2)}{(t-1)(2t-1)(t+4)(t+2)},$$
$$c=\frac{2}{(t-1)(2t-1)(t+4)(t+2)},$$
for any $t \neq 1/2, 1, 2, -1,-2, -4$.  Then the rational points $(\pm 1, \pm (t^2+2t-t))$, $(\pm 3, \pm (t^2+2)),$ and $(\pm 5, \pm(t^2-4t-2))$ all satisfy $ax^2+y^2=1$.  Thus, there are infinitely many conics of this form with 6 terms in progression.  In order for there to be a point with $x$-coordinate $\pm 7$, then there needs to be a rational solution to the equation
$$s^2=t^4-20t^3+24t^2+40t+4.$$
The curve defined is birationally equivalent to the elliptic curve $E: Y^2=X^3-1008X+10368$.  The curve $E$ is a rank 1 curve with generator $(-12,-144)$, and hence has infinitely many rational points.  Given any such point $(X,Y)$, we set $t=(40X-480+4Y)/(X^2-16X+48)$.  For these values of $t$, then $x=\pm 7$ is a valid $x$-coordinate, showing we have an infinite number of conics with 8 points in progression.  As a concrete example, the point $(28,64)$ is on $E$, and leads to $t=7/3$.  When $t=7/3$, the conic $(105/5434)x^2+(81/5434)y^2=1$ has eight points in progression with $x$-coordinates $\{-7, -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7\}$.  


\section{Conclusion and future work}
In this work, we have studied long arithmetic progression on conics. We gave a more general result on finding progressions on the unit circle, and similarly provided infinitely many unit hyperbolas with 3-term arithmetic progressions.  We also constructed infinitely many conics in standard form having 8-term arithmetic progressions. Future work would be to improve the length of these progressions. It might also be possible to use the techniques of \cite{GJ3} to prove upper bounds on the maximum length of (integer) progressions on the unit circle, hyperbola, or conics in standard form. It would be interesting to study long geometric progressions on conics as well.
\newline



\section{Acknowledgments}
The first author acknowledges support from the MACISA-LIRIMA project
and the Simons Foundation through the Pole of Research in Mathematics
and their Applications to Information Security in Subsaharan Africa
(PRMAIS).  We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewer for their
valuable comments and suggestions, and in particular for pointing us to
some of the previous results in the literature which we were not aware
of.


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\end{thebibliography}

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\noindent 2010 {\it Mathematics Subject Classification}:
Primary 11B25; Secondary 11D09.

\noindent \emph{Keywords: } 
arithemetic progression, conic.

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\vspace*{+.1in}
\noindent
Received  June 18 2016;
revised versions received  September 13 2016; November 15 2016.
Published in {\it Journal of Integer Sequences}, December 27 2016.

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