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\begin{center}
\vskip 1cm{\LARGE\bf
Hankel Determinant for a Sequence that \\
\vskip .1in
Satisfies a Three-Term Recurrence Relation}
\vskip 1cm
\large
Baghdadi Aloui\\
Faculty of Sciences of Gabes \\
Department of Mathematics\\
City of Erriadh \\
6072 Gabes \\
Tunisia\\
\href{mailto:Baghdadi.Aloui@fsg.rnu.tn}{\tt Baghdadi.Aloui@fsg.rnu.tn}\\
\end{center}

\vskip .2in

\begin{abstract}
In this paper, we give an explicit expression for the Hankel determinants for a
sequence satisfying a three-term recurrence relation. Our method of evaluation is
based on the theory of orthogonal polynomials. In particular, we analyze the linear functional
associated with such a sequence.
\end{abstract}




\section{Introduction}
The problem of evaluation of Hankel determinants has emerged in the
19th century. These classes of determinants are important in many
mathematical areas, such as number theory, integrable systems, approximation theory, and
linear system theory, among others.
Several authors have focused on the evaluation of the
Hankel determinants using different methods. Here, we can cite Radoux~\cite{18}
who evaluated Hankel determinants by
using methods based primarily on matrix decomposition techniques.
Krattenthaler~\cite{8} used combinatorial techniques and graph theory
to evaluate a large class of these determinants. Egecioglu
et al.~\cite{6,7} evaluated Hankel determinants with binomial
coefficient entries by using a technique based on the solution of
differential equations. Chammam et al.~\cite{4} dealt with Hankel
determinants with polynomial coefficient entries by using a method
based mainly on the theory of orthogonal polynomials.

For instance, let $(a_n)_{n\geq 0}$ be a sequence satisfying the three-term recurrence
relation
$$a_{n+1}=-\frac{2n+1}{n+1} \ a_n-a_{n-1}, \ n\geq0,$$
with initial values $a_0=1$, $a_{-1}=0$.

In this work, we are interested in the evaluation of the Hankel determinants
\begin{equation*}
H_{n} := \det\big[a_{i+j}\big]^n_{i,j=0}=\left|
                    \begin{array}{cccc}
                      a_0 &amp; a_1 &amp;
                      \cdots &amp; a_n \\
                      a_1 &amp; a_2&amp;
                      \cdots &amp; a_{n+1}\\
                      \vdots &amp; \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\
                      a_n &amp; a_{n+1} &amp;
                      \cdots &amp; a_{2n}\\
                    \end{array}
                  \right|, \ n\geq0.
\end{equation*}
Our method of evaluation of such determinants is based on the study
of the linear functional $\mathcal{L}$ associated with
the sequence $(a_n)_{n\geq 0}$, given by $(\mathcal{L})_n=a_n$, $n\geq0$.
Mainly, we show that $\mathcal{L}$ is a solution of a functional
first-order linear differential equation. Under certain conditions,
$\mathcal{L}$ is related to the classical linear
functional of Bessel (with parameter $\alpha=1$) by the relation
$\mathcal{L}=-x\big(h_{-\frac{1}{2}}\circ\tau_2\mathcal{B}^{(1)}\big)'$.
Sfaxi and Alaya~\cite{19} gave special kinds of linear functionals
that allow to us to obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for
the quasi-definiteness of the linear functional
$\mathcal{L}$.  By using the theory of
orthogonal polynomials, this allows us to give an explicit expression of our
Hankel determinants.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section~\ref{Sec2}, we introduce the
basic background and notations to be used throughout the paper.
In Section~\ref{Sec3}, first we
deduce a necessary and sufficient condition for the
quasi-definiteness of the linear functional $\mathcal{L}$.
Finally, we give an explicit expression of the Hankel
determinants
$H_{n} := \det\big[a_{i+j}\big]^n_{i,j=0}$, $n\geq0$.

\section{Notation and preliminary results}\label{Sec2}

\subsection{Orthogonality and semi-classical character}

Let $\mathbb{P}$ be the linear space of polynomials in one variable
with complex coefficients and $\mathbb{P}'$ its algebraic dual
space. We denote by $\langle \mathscr{U},p\rangle$ the action of
$\mathscr{U}\in \mathbb{P}'$ on $p\in \mathbb{P}$ and by
$(\mathscr{U})_{n}:=\langle \mathscr{U},x^n\rangle$, $n\geq 0$, the
sequence of moments of $\mathscr{U}$ with respect to the polynomial
sequence $\{x^n \}_{n\geq 0}$. Let us define the following
operations in  $\mathbb{P}'$: for linear functionals
$\mathscr{U}$ and $\mathscr{V}$, any polynomial $q$, and any
$(a,b,c)\in \mathbb{C}^*\times\mathbb{C}^2$, let
$D\mathscr{U}=\mathscr{U}',\; q\mathscr{U}$,
$(x-c)^{-1}\mathscr{U}$, $\tau_{-b}\mathscr{U}$ and
$h_{a}\mathscr{U}$ be the linear functionals defined by duality 
\cite{15}:
\begin{align*}
&amp;\langle \mathscr{U}',p\rangle:=-\langle \mathscr{U},p'\rangle,\quad
\langle q\mathscr{U},p\rangle:=\;\langle \mathscr{U},qp\rangle, \\
&amp;\big\langle(x-c)^{-1}\mathscr{U},\;p \big\rangle:=\langle
\mathscr{U},\;\theta_{c}p \rangle={\Big\langle}
\mathscr{U},\;\frac{p(x)-p(c)}{x-c}{\Big\rangle},\\
&amp;\langle\tau_{-b}\mathscr{U},\;p\rangle:=\;\langle
\mathscr{U},\;\tau_{b}p\rangle=\;\langle
\mathscr{U},\;p(x-b)\rangle,\\
&amp;\langle h_{a}\mathscr{U},\;p\rangle:=\langle
\mathscr{U},\;h_{a}p\rangle=\;\langle
\mathscr{U},\;p(ax)\rangle, \qquad p\in\mathbb{P}.
\end{align*}
A linear functional $\mathscr{U}$ is called \textit{normalized} if it satisfies $(\mathscr{U})_0=1$.

With any sequence of complex numbers $(a_n)_{n\geq 0}$, we can
associate a unique linear functional $\mathscr{U}\in \mathbb{P}'$
given by $(\mathscr{U})_{n}=a_n,\; n\geq 0$.

The linear functional
$\mathscr{U}$ is said to be \textit{quasi-definite} (\textit{regular}) if the Hankel
determinant
 $H_n(\mathscr{U})=\det [a_{i+j}]_{i,j=0}^n\ne 0$, for every integer $n\geq 0$.
In such a case, there exists a unique \textit{sequence of monic polynomials}
(SMP) $\{P_n\}_{n\geq 0}$,  i.e., $\deg P_{n}=n $ and their
leading coefficients
are equal to $1$, such that
$$\langle \mathscr{U}, x^{\nu} P_n\rangle=0, \ 0\leq\nu\leq n-1 \ \text{and} \
\langle \mathscr{U},x^n P_n\rangle\ne 0.$$
The sequence $\{P_n\}_{n\geq 0}$ is said to be the
\textit{sequence of monic orthogonal polynomials} (SMOP)
with respect to $\mathscr{U}$.

Notice that $P_n(x)$ can be represented by the determinantal formula
$$P_0(x)=1, \ P_n(x)=\frac{1}{H_{n-1}(\mathscr{U})}\left|%
\begin{array}{ccccccc}
a_0 &amp; a_1 &amp;\cdots &amp; a_{n} \\
a_1&amp; a_2 &amp;\cdots &amp; a_{n+1} \\
\vdots &amp;  \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\
a_{n-1}&amp; a_{n} &amp;  \cdots &amp; a_{2n-1}\\
1&amp; x &amp;  \cdots &amp; x^n
   \end{array}%
\right|, \ n\geq 1.
$$
The orthogonality of $\{P_n\}_{n\geq 0}$ can be characterized  by a
three-term recurrence relation (TTRR, in short) \cite{5}
$$P_{n+1}(x)=(x-\beta_n)P_n(x)-\gamma_nP_{n-1}(x), \ n\geq0,$$
with initial values $P_0(x)=1, \  P_{-1}(x)=0$, where $\{\beta_n\}_{n\geq0}$
and $\{\gamma_n\}_{n\geq0}$
are sequences of complex numbers such that $\gamma_n\neq0, \ n\geq1$, and
the convention $\gamma_{0}=(\mathscr{U})_0$.

Furthermore,
\begin{align}
&amp;\beta_n=\displaystyle\frac{\langle \mathscr{U},xP_n^2
\rangle}{\langle \mathscr{U},P_n^2 \rangle},\quad
\gamma_{n+1}=\displaystyle\frac{\langle \mathscr{U},P_{n+1}^2
\rangle}{\langle
\mathscr{U},P_n^2 \rangle}, \ n\geq 0, \label{p2.6}\\
&amp;\langle \mathscr{U},P_n^2
\rangle=\prod_{\nu=0}^{n}\gamma_\nu=\frac{H_n(\mathscr{U})}{H_{n-1}(\mathscr{U})},\;
n\geq 0,\quad \big(H_{-1}(\mathscr{U})=1 \big),\label{p2.7}\\
&amp;H_n(\mathscr{U})=\prod_{k=0}^{n}\prod_{\nu=0}^{k}\gamma_\nu,\;
n\geq0.\label{qutrr}
\end{align}
When $\{P_n\}_{n\geq0}$ is a SMOP  with respect to a linear
functional $\mathscr{U}$, then the sequence of monic polynomials
$\{\tilde{P}_n\}_{n\geq0}$, where
$\tilde{P}_n(x)=a^{-n}P_n(ax+b)$, is also orthogonal with
respect to
$\tilde{\mathscr{U}}=(h_{a^{-1}}\circ\tau_{-b})\mathscr{U}$, and
satisfies the following TTRR \cite{12,14,15}
$$\tilde{P}_{n+1}(x)=(x-\tilde{\beta}_{n})\tilde{P}_{n}(x)-
\tilde{\gamma}_{n}\tilde{P}_{n-1}(x), \ n\geq0,$$
with initial values $\tilde{P}_0(x)=1$, $\tilde{P}_{-1}(x)=0$, and where
\begin{align*}
&amp;\tilde{\beta}_n=a^{-1}(\beta_n-b), \ n\geq0,\\
&amp;\tilde{\gamma}_{n+1}=a^{-2}\gamma_{n+1}, \ n\geq0, \ \big(\tilde{\gamma}_{0}=(\mathscr{U})_0\big).
\end{align*}

As a consequence, we get the following result.
\begin{lemma}\label{p2th1}
Let $\{a_n\}_{n\geq0}$ be a sequence of complex numbers and
$\mathscr{U}\in \mathbb{P}'$ such that $(\mathscr{U})_n=a_n$, $
n\geq 0$. Then, for any pair $(a,b)\in \mathbb{C}^*\times\mathbb{
C}$, we have
$$H_n\big((h_{a^{-1}}\circ\tau_{-b})\mathscr{U}\big)=a^{-n(n+1)}H_n(\mathscr{U}), \ n\geq0,$$
where the moments of the shifted linear functional
$(h_{a^{-1}}\circ\tau_{-b})\mathscr{U}$ are given by
$$\big((h_{a^{-1}}\circ\tau_{-b})\mathscr{U}\big)_n=a^{-n}\sum\limits_{k=0}^{n}{n\choose
k}(-b)^{n-k} a_k, \ n\geq 0.$$
\end{lemma}
A quasi-definite linear functional $\mathscr{U}$ is said to be
\textit{semi-classical} if it satisfies a functional equation (Pearson equation)
\begin{equation}\label{p2.9}
(\Phi\mathscr{U})'+\Psi \mathscr{U}=0,
\end{equation}
where $\Phi$ and $\Psi$ are polynomials such that $\Phi$ is monic and
$\deg(\Psi)\geq1$.

The corresponding SMOP $\{ P_n\}_{n\geq0}$ is
said to be \textit{semi-classical} (for more details, see~\cite{3,12,15} and the
literature therein).

If for each zero $c$ of $\Phi$ we have
\begin{equation}\label{p2.10}
\mid \Phi'(c)+\Psi(c)\mid+\mid\langle
\mathscr{U},\theta_c^2\Phi+\theta_c\Psi\rangle\mid&gt; 0,
\end{equation}
then the nonnegative integer $s:= \max\{\deg(\Phi)-2,\deg(\Psi)-1\}$ is said to be
either the \textit{class} of $\mathscr{U}$ or the class of
$\{ P_n\}_{n\geq0}$.

 The semi-classical character of a
linear functional is invariant by shifting. Indeed, if
$\mathscr{U}$ is a semi-classical linear functional of class $s$
satisfying~(\ref{p2.9}) and~(\ref{p2.10}), then for any pair
$(a,b)\in \mathbb{C}^2$ with $a\ne 0$, the shifted linear
functional
$\tilde{\mathscr{U}}=(h_{a^{-1}}\circ\tau_{-b})\mathscr{U}$ is also
semi-classical of class $s$ and satisfies $(\tilde{\Phi}\tilde{\mathscr{U}})'+
\tilde{\Psi}\tilde{\mathscr{U}}=0$
with $\tilde{\Phi}(x)=a^{-t}\Phi(ax+b)$,
$\tilde{\Psi}(x)=a^{1-t}\Psi(ax+b)$ and where $t=\deg\Phi$.

We find in~\cite{3,14} a full description of the class $s=0$. This
corresponds to the \textit{classical linear functionals} (\textit{Hermite},
\textit{Laguerre}, \textit{Bessel} and \textit{Jacobi}).

Further, we need the following properties of the monic Bessel polynomials $\{B^{(\alpha)}_n\}_{n\geq0}$,
(orthogonal with respect to the linear functional $\mathcal{B}^{(\alpha)}$) \cite{5,10}.



\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|l|}                                   \hline
$B_n^{(\alpha)}(x) =\displaystyle\sum_{\nu=0}^n{n\choose \nu}\frac{2^{n-\nu}
\Gamma(n+2\alpha+\nu-1)
     }{\Gamma(2n+2\alpha-1)} \ x^{\nu},\; n\geq0, \quad (\alpha\ne-\frac{n}{2}, \ n\geq 0)$. \\
$\beta_0=-\displaystyle\frac{1}{\alpha}, \quad \beta_{n}=\displaystyle\frac{1-\alpha}
{(n+\alpha-1)(n+\alpha)}, \  n\geq 0$,\\
$\gamma_n=\displaystyle-\frac{n(n+2\alpha-2)}{(2n+2\alpha-3)(n+\alpha-1)^2(2n+2\alpha-1)}, \ n\geq 1$. \\
$\Phi(x)=x^2,\quad \Psi(x)=-2(\alpha x+1)$.   \\
$(\mathcal{B}^{(\alpha)})_n=\displaystyle\frac{(-2)^n\Gamma(2\alpha)}{\Gamma(n+2\alpha)}, \  n\geq0$.   \\
$H_n(\mathcal{B}^{(\alpha)})=\displaystyle(-4)^{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}\prod_{k=0}^{n}k!
\frac{\Gamma(k+2\alpha-1)\Gamma(2\alpha)}{\Gamma(2k+2\alpha-1)\Gamma(2k+2\alpha)}
, \ n\geq0$.   \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Some basic characteristics of Bessel polynomials.}
\label{table1}
 \end{table}




\subsection{Quasi-definiteness condition of the linear functional $-(x-c)\mathscr{C}'$}

Let $\{S_n\}_{n\geq0}$ be a classical
sequence of monic polynomials, orthogonal with respect to a normalized linear
functional $\mathscr{C}$ that satisfies
\begin{equation}\label{p2.18}
    (\Phi\mathscr{C})'-(\lambda+\Phi')\mathscr{C}=0,
\end{equation}
where $\Phi$ is monic, $\deg\Phi=2$, and $\lambda\neq0$. In other words,
$\mathscr{C}$ is either a shifted Jacobi or a shifted Bessel linear functional.\par  We
have the following results.
\begin{lemma}\label{p2th2}{\rm \cite{19}} For any $c\in\mathbb{C}$
where $\Phi(c)\neq0$, the following statements are equivalent.
\begin{enumerate}
  \item[\rm (i)] The linear functional $-(x-c)\mathscr{C}'$ is
  quasi-definite.
  \item[\rm (ii)] $A_{n+1}(c)\neq0, \ n\geq0$, where
$A_{n+1}(x)=\Phi(x)S'_n(x)+\lambda S_n(x), \
n\geq0$.\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}
\begin{lemma}\label{p2th4}{\rm \cite{19}} Let $\mathscr{C}$ be a classical linear functional
satisfying~(\ref{p2.18}). When it is quasi-definite, the linear
functional $w_0(c)=-(x-c)\mathscr{C}'$ is semi-classical of
class one and satisfies $(\varphi w_0(c))'+\psi w_0(c)=0$, where
$\varphi(x)=(x-c)\Phi(x)$ and
$\psi(x)=-\big(2\Phi(x)+\lambda(x-c)\big)$.
\end{lemma}

Under the hypothesis of the previous lemmas, let $\{Q_n\}_{n\geq0}$
be the SMOP with respect to $w_0(c)$. Suppose that the SMOP
$\{S_n\}_{n\geq0}$ satisfies
$$S_{n+1}(x)=(x-\xi_n)S_n(x)-\rho_nS_{n-1}(x), \ n\geq0,$$
with initial values $S_0(x)=1$, $S_{-1}(x)=0$,
where $\rho_n\neq0, \ n\geq1$. 

Then the SMOP $\{Q_n\}_{n\geq0}$ satisfies the TTRR \cite{19}
\begin{equation}\label{p2.21}
Q_{n+1}(x)=(x-\alpha_n)Q_n(x)-\eta_nQ_{n-1}(x), \ n\geq0,
\end{equation}
with initial values $Q_0(x)=1$, $Q_{-1}(x)=0$, and where
\begin{align*}
&amp;\alpha_0=2 \zeta_{0}-c, \
   \alpha_1=c-\frac{2\lambda\rho_1}{A_2(c)},\\
&amp;
\alpha_n=c-\frac{(n+1)}{n}\frac{A_n(c)}{A_{n+1}(c)}\rho_n-\frac{n-1}{n}
\frac{A_{n+1}(c)}{A_n(c)}, \ n\geq2,\\
&amp;\eta_1=-A_2(c), \ \eta_2=\lambda\rho_1\frac{A_3(c)}{A^2_2(c)},\\
   &amp;\eta_{n+1}=\frac{A_{n+2}(c)A_n(c)}{A^2_{n+1}(c)}\rho_n, \ n\geq2.
\end{align*}

The following result is a straightforward consequence of~(\ref{qutrr}) and~(\ref{p2.21}).
\begin{theorem}\label{p2th3}
Let $\{S_n\}_{n\geq0}$ be a classical polynomial sequence,
orthogonal with respect to a normalized  linear functional $\mathscr{C}$
satisfying $(\Phi\mathscr{C})'-(\lambda+\Phi')\mathscr{C}=0, $
where $\Phi$ is monic, $\deg\Phi=2$, and $\lambda\neq0$. Then, for
any $c\in \mathbb{C}$ such that $\Phi(c)\neq 0$ and
$A_{n+1}(c):=\Phi(c)S'_n(c)+\lambda S_n(c)\ne 0, \ n\geq0$, we get
$$H_n\big(-(x-c)\mathscr{C}'\big)=(-1)^n\lambda^{n-1}
A_{n+1}(c)H_{n-1}(\mathscr{C})\ne 0,\; n\geq 0, \;
 with \; H_{-1}(\mathscr{C})=1.
$$
\end{theorem}

\section{Expression of the Hankel determinants}\label{Sec3}

Let $(a_n)_{n\geq0}$ be the sequence given by
\begin{equation}\label{200015,1}
a_{n+1}=-\frac{2n+1}{n+1} \ a_n-a_{n-1}, \ n\geq0,
\end{equation}
with initial values $a_0=1$ and $a_{-1}=0$.

We can associate with the sequence $(a_n)_{n\geq0}$ a unique linear functional $\mathcal{L}$
given by its moments with respect to the monomial sequence $\{x^n\}_{n\geq 0}$,
\begin{equation}\label{200015,2}
(\mathcal{L})_n=a_n, \ n\geq0.
\end{equation}
The aim of this section is to evaluate the
Hankel determinants of the linear functional $\mathcal{L}$, i.e.,
$H_n(\mathcal{L})=\det\big[a_{i+j}\big]^n_{i,j=0}, \ n\geq0$. To do it, we need, first, to
establish some useful properties for the linear functional $\mathcal{L}$.

Using~(\ref{200015,1}) and~(\ref{200015,2}), we get
\begin{equation}\label{integ1}
(\mathcal{L})_{n+1}+\frac{2n+1}{n+1}(\mathcal{L})_n+(\mathcal{L})_{n-1}=0, \ n\geq0,
\end{equation}
with $(\mathcal{L})_{0}=1$ and $(\mathcal{L})_{-1}=0$.

From the above relation for the moments, the linear functional $\mathcal{L}$ satisfies
\begin{equation*}\label{4}
    (\varphi \mathcal{L})'+\psi \mathcal{L}=0,
\end{equation*}
where $\varphi(x) = x(x+1)^2$ and $\psi(x)=-(2x^2+3x+2)$.

We have the following fondamental result.
\begin{proposition}\label{p2th7}
The linear functional $\mathcal{L}$ is related to a classical linear
functional $\mathcal{B}^{(1)}$ (the Bessel form with parameter $\alpha=1$),
by the following relation
$$\mathcal{L}=-x\Big((h_{-\frac{1}{2}}\circ\tau_2)\mathcal{B}^{(1)}\Big)'.$$
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
Let $\mathcal{V}=-x\Big((h_{-\frac{1}{2}}\circ\tau_2)\mathcal{B}^{(1)}\Big)'$.
We show that
$(\mathcal{V})_n, \ n\geq0$, also satisfies~(\ref{integ1}).
Indeed, we have
\begin{equation}\label{jaco2000151}
(\mathcal{V})_n=(-1)^n2^{-n}(n+1)\Big\langle
\mathcal{B}^{(1)}, (x+2)^n \Big\rangle, \
n\geq0.
\end{equation}
By Table~\ref{table1}, the linear functional $\mathcal{B}^{(1)}$ satisfies
$\big(x^2\mathcal{B}^{(1)}\big)'-2(x+1)\mathcal{B}^{(1)}=0$.  Then, we obtain
$$\Big\langle\big(x^2\mathcal{B}^{(1)}\big)'-2(x+1)\mathcal{B}^{(1)},
(x+2)^n \Big\rangle=0, \ n\geq0.$$
Equivalently
$$(n+2)\Big\langle \mathcal{B}^{(1)},
\big(x+2)^{n+1}
\Big\rangle-2(2n+1)\Big\langle\mathcal{B}^{(1)},(x+2)^n \Big\rangle+
4n\Big\langle\mathcal{B}^{(1)},\big(x+2)^{n-1} \Big\rangle=0, \ n\geq0.$$
By using~(\ref{jaco2000151}), it follows that
$$(\mathcal{V})_{n+1}+\frac{2n+1}{n+1}\ (\mathcal{V})_n+(\mathcal{V})_{n-1}=0, \ n\geq0, \
\text{with} \ (\mathcal{V})_0=1, \ (\mathcal{V})_{-1}=0.$$
We, thus, obtain $\mathcal{V}=\mathcal{L}$.
\end{proof}

Under the hypothesis of the previous result and from Lemma~\ref{p2th2},
we are going to establish a necessary and sufficient
condition for the quasi-definiteness of the linear functional $\mathcal{L}$.
Next, according to Theorem~\ref{p2th3}, we will give an explicit expression
of our Hankel determinants.

Let $\{S_n\}_{n\geq0}$ be the SMOP with respect
 to $\mathcal{L}$, and let
$\{A_{n+1}\}_{n\geq0}$ be the sequence of polynomials given by
$$A_{n+1}(x):=\Phi(x)S'_n(x)+\lambda S_n(x).$$

By Proposition~\ref{p2th7}, we have
$\mathcal{L}=-x\Big((h_{-\frac{1}{2}}\circ\tau_2)\mathcal{B}^{(1)}\Big)'$,
that satisfies~(\ref{p2.18}) with $\Phi(x)=(x+1)^2$  and $\lambda=-1\ne
0$. In this case,
$S_n(x)=\big(\frac{-1}{2}\big)^nB^{(1)}_n\big(-2(x+1)\big),
\ n\geq0$, where $\{B^{(1)}_n(x)\}_{n\geq0}$ is the Bessel SMOP with
parameter $\alpha=1$. By using to Table~\ref{table1}, we get
$$S_n(x)=\sum_{\nu=0}^{n}(-1)^\nu{n\choose\nu}\frac{(2n-\nu)!}{(2n)!}
(x+1)^{n-\nu}, \ n\geq0.$$
According to Lemma~\ref{p2th2}, the linear functional $\mathcal{L}$ is
quasi-definite if and only if
$A_{n+1}(0):=S'_n(0)-S_n(0)\neq0, \
n\geq0$, i.e., $
\sum_{\nu=0}^{n+1}\lambda_{n+1,\nu}\ne 0$, where
\begin{align*}
&amp; \lambda_{n+1,0}  = n, \\
&amp; \lambda_{n+1,\nu} = \frac{(-1)^\nu(2n-\nu+1)!{n\choose
\nu-1}}{(2n)!}
\Big[\frac{(n-\nu)(n-\nu+1)}{(2n-\nu+1)\nu}+1\Big], \ 1\leq \nu\leq n+1.
\end{align*}
On the other hand, we can deduce the following result.
\begin{theorem}
The Hankel determinants with coefficient $(a_n)_{n\geq0}$, are given by
$$H_{n} :=\det\big[a_{i+j}\big]^n_{i,j=0}=(-1)^{\frac{(n-2)(n+1)}{2}}A_{n+1}(0)
\prod_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(k!)^2}{(2k)!(2k+1)!},$$
for any non-negative integer number $n$ and the convention $\prod_{k=0}^{-1}=1$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
From Table~\ref{table1} and Lemma~\ref{p2th1}, we get for $n\geq0$,
$$H_n\big((h_{-\frac{1}{2}}\circ\tau_2)\mathcal{B}^{(1)}\big)=
\Big(\frac{-1}{2}\Big)^{n(n+1)}H_n(\mathcal{B}^{(1)})
=(-1)^{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}\prod_{k=0}^{n}\frac{(k!)^2}{(2k)!(2k+1)!}.$$
According to Theorem~\ref{p2th3}, such that $A_{n+1}(0)\neq0, \ n\geq0$,
we obtain the desired result.
\end{proof}


\section{Acknowledgements}

The author would like to thank the anonymous referee for their
valuable comments and suggestions for improving the original
version of this manuscript.


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\noindent 2010 {\it Mathematics Subject Classification}:
Primary 33C45; Secondary 42C05.

\noindent \emph{Keywords: }
Orthogonal polynomial, three-term recurrence relation, 
semi-classical linear functional, Hankel determinant, Bessel polynomial.

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\vspace*{+.1in}
\noindent
Received October 22 2014;
revised versions received  December 15 2014; December 18 2014.
Published in {\it Journal of Integer Sequences}, January 7 2015.

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