Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 25 (2022), Article 22.9.5

The Vertical Recursive Relation of Riordan Arrays and Its Matrix Representation


Tian-Xiao He
Department of Mathematics
Illinois Wesleyan University
Bloomington, IL 61702-2900
USA

Abstract:

It is known that the entries of a Riordan array satisfy horizontal recursive relations represented by the A- and Z-sequences. In this paper, we study a vertical recursive relation approach to Riordan arrays. This vertical recursive approach gives a way to represent the entries of a Riordan array (g, f) in terms of a recursive linear combination of the coefficients of g. We also give a matrix representation of the vertical recursive relation. The set of all those matrices forms a group, called the quasi-Riordan group. We present extensions of the horizontal recursive relation and the vertical recursive relation in terms of c- and C-Riordan arrays, with illustrations by using the rook triangle and the Laguerre triangle. These extensions represent a way to study nonlinear recursive relations of the entries of some triangular matrices from linear recursive relations of the entries of Riordan arrays. In addition, the matrix representation of the vertical recursive relation of Riordan arrays provides transforms between lower order and higher order finite Riordan arrays, where the mth order Riordan array is defined by (g, f)m = (dn,k)mn,k ≥ 0. Furthermore, the vertical relation approach to Riordan arrays provides a unified approach to construct identities.


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(Concerned with sequence A001764.)


Received September 30 2022; revised versions received October 1 2022; October 3 2022; November 14 2022; November 15 2022; November 16 2022; November 17 2022. Published in Journal of Integer Sequences, November 18 2022.


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